What are the three types of cognitive load?

Despite all the tech innovation, one thing hasn't changed—our brains. We're not machines. We're human, and we can still hit that tipping point from capacity to cognitive overload pretty fast when it comes to mental processing. This is where cognitive overload theory steps in. It tells us there are three types of mental load: Intrinsic load – the natural complexity of what's being learned. Extraneous load – the distractions or poor design elements that get in the way. Germane load – the effort learners use to build knowledge frameworks. As Learning Designers, our goal in eLearning is to support germane load and minimise extraneous cognitive overload—and that's where great UX comes into play.

How do you reduce cognitive overload through UX?

Intuitive interfaces: UX starts with how things look and feel. If your learners can't find the 'submit' button or are buried in menus, you've lost them. Clear course maps: Strong Learning Design should always include visual signposts. Course maps at the start of each module help orient learners. They reduce stress, reduce the risk of cognitive overload and support confidence. Consistent visual design: A uniform style isn't just aesthetic—it's strategic. In our eLearning projects, we lock in visual themes early using CSS and testing prototypes. Mobile-first, responsive design: Let's face it: learners are on the go. Your eLearning content must work on any device. Accessibility as standard: UX isn't complete without accessibility.

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UX and eLearning: reduce cognitive overload with smart Learning Design

Q: What is cognitive overload?

No one wants the dreaded cognitive overload. Unless we're talking about chocolate options, then sure, go ahead. But in eLearning? Cognitive overload is the silent killer of engagement, comprehension, and motivation. That's why smart UX (user experience) and intentional Learning Design are critical if we want our online courses to actually work.

January 16, 2025

Bianca Raby

UXeLearningCognitive OverloadLearning DesignUser ExperienceInstructional Design

Let's be honest—no one wants the dreaded cognitive overload. Unless we're talking about chocolate options, then sure, go ahead. But in eLearning? Cognitive overload is the silent killer of engagement, comprehension, and motivation. That's why smart UX (user experience) and intentional Learning Design are critical if we want our online courses to actually work.

Hi, I'm Bianca Raby—former teacher, now CEO of Oppida, a company obsessed with helping educators and edtech leaders craft great learning experiences. Today, we're diving deep into how UX, eLearning, and Learning Design intersect to reduce the risk of cognitive overload. Also, if you prefer to watch, I've made a video on this topic here:

How UX and Learning Design can prevent cognitive overload in eLearning

Despite all the tech innovation, one thing hasn't changed—our brains. We're not machines. We're human, and we can still hit that tipping point from capacity to cognitive overload pretty fast when it comes to mental processing. This is where cognitive overload theory steps in. It tells us there are three types of mental load:

Intrinsic load – the natural complexity of what's being learned.
Extraneous load – the distractions or poor design elements that get in the way.
Germane load – the effort learners use to build knowledge frameworks.

As Learning Designers, our goal in eLearning is to support germane load and minimise extraneous cognitive overload—and that's where great UX comes into play.

5 Learning Design strategies to elevate UX in eLearning

1. Intuitive interfaces

UX starts with how things look and feel. If your learners can't find the "submit" button or are buried in menus, you've lost them. We use homepage hotlinks to calendar tools or support chat for smooth navigation in our eLearning builds.

2. Clear course maps

Strong Learning Design should always include visual signposts. Course maps at the start of each module help orient learners. They reduce stress, reduce the risk of cognitive overload and support confidence.

3. Consistent visual design

A uniform style isn't just aesthetic—it's strategic. In our eLearning projects, we lock in visual themes early using CSS and testing prototypes. Why? Because great Learning Design reduces visual noise, one of the biggest contributors to extraneous cognitive overload for the UX.

4. Mobile-first, responsive design

Let's face it: learners are on the go. Your eLearning content must work on any device. But as a tip—avoid horizontal-heavy layouts. Squished mobile screens are a no-go for effective UX and can derail even the best Learning Design.

5. Accessibility as standard

UX isn't complete without accessibility. From screen reader compatibility to downloadable Excel sheets for data visuals, inclusive design ensures all learners benefit from your course.

Learning Design that works: it's all about the UX in eLearning

So, what's the takeaway? If you're in Learning Design, especially within eLearning, understanding UX isn't optional—it's essential. It's the bridge between great content and great outcomes. Poor UX can cause cognitive overload and sabotage the most beautifully crafted lesson plan. But when UX and Learning Design come together with purpose? Magic happens.

Are you seeing this in your own practice? Or perhaps struggling to make it click? Let me know your tips on avoiding cognitive overload. I'd love to hear what's working.

Until next time, stay awesome.